摘要(yao):當(dang)今,隨著人類文明的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步,環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)問(wen)題日(ri)益(yi)凸顯(xian)出來,逐漸成(cheng)為了一個(ge)全球性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。我國在(zai)近(jin)年來的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速(su)發展經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,也(ye)造成(cheng)了一定程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染和(he)(he)(he)生態破壞,因此改(gai)善(shan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)成(cheng)為一個(ge)刻不(bu)容緩的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。全面(mian)改(gai)善(shan)目(mu)前環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)問(wen)題,關(guan)鍵還是要(yao)做好環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工作,環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),是指(zhi)在(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng)中為保證監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據和(he)(he)(he)信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)性(xing)、準(zhun)確性(xing)、精(jing)密性(xing)、可(ke)比性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)所(suo)實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全部活(huo)動和(he)(he)(he)措施(shi)。加(jia)強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),就要(yao)提高對環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工作重要(yao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識,把環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)貫穿到環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng),建立健全環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)并(bing)使之有效運行(xing)并(bing)持續改(gai)進,積(ji)極(ji)開展外部質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制和(he)(he)(he)內部質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保證活(huo)動,加(jia)強(qiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)能力建設及監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)人才培(pei)養(yang),加(jia)強(qiang)現場監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),全面(mian)提升環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)整(zheng)體水平,提供(gong)準(zhun)確可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據和(he)(he)(he)信息,為政府決策和(he)(he)(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)提供(gong)科學依據,供(gong)同(tong)行(xing)參考。
1、首先(xian)要建設較為(wei)完備的現代化的環境監測網(wang)絡平臺
隨(sui)著信息技術的(de)(de)(de)不斷發展,國內(nei)目前對環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)網絡建設等(deng)(deng)也逐漸完善(shan),而(er)且(qie)達到(dao)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)水準,很多環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)需(xu)(xu)要使用的(de)(de)(de)軟件(jian)、硬件(jian)等(deng)(deng)設施較之過(guo)去有(you)了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善(shan),但是與發達國家相比仍然有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)差距,這也為實現(xian)更(geng)高(gao)標準的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)水平(ping)(ping)帶來(lai)了(le)難度。因此(ci)(ci),國內(nei)關(guan)于現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)方面仍然需(xu)(xu)要調整、改(gai)善(shan),為構建更(geng)加完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡平(ping)(ping)臺努力。此(ci)(ci)外,也需(xu)(xu)要相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量(liang)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)人員遵循國家的(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)制度規定(ding),對自身的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)工作職責既(ji)要妥善(shan)處理(li),而(er)且(qie)還要嚴格(ge)執行,為完善(shan)和提高(gao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網絡平(ping)(ping)臺做出(chu)自己的(de)(de)(de)貢獻。
2.提高對環境監測(ce)質(zhi)量管(guan)理工(gong)作重要(yao)性的(de)認(ren)識
大家都知道,環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)基礎和(he)技術支撐,是(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)不可缺少的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)手段。環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)信(xin)息(xi)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)準(zhun)確,分(fen)析的結(jie)論是(shi)(shi)否(fou)客觀,將(jiang)直(zhi)接影響到環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)決策(ce)的正誤(wu),而環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據、信(xin)息(xi)是(shi)(shi)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)最重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的成(cheng)果,是(shi)(shi)分(fen)析判斷環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題(ti)最基本的前(qian)提(ti)(ti),獲取真實(shi)有(you)效的監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)據和(he)信(xin)息(xi)是(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的直(zhi)接目(mu)的[1-2]。數(shu)據和(he)信(xin)息(xi)的有(you)效性包(bao)括監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)樣品的時空代表性(即優化(hua)的監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點位和(he)科學的采樣頻次),實(shi)驗數(shu)據的科學準(zhun)確性(即有(you)標準(zhun)規范的分(fen)析方法、優良先進的儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)、自動便捷的監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)手段和(he)現(xian)代可靠的高新技術)和(he)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行(xing)為的合法有(you)效性(即監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)人員須(xu)(xu)持證上(shang)崗(gang)[3]、監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)須(xu)(xu)經(jing)計量(liang)檢定(ding)、分(fen)析結(jie)果須(xu)(xu)經(jing)全過程的質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)控制),因此,提(ti)(ti)高對環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性的認(ren)識,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)各級(ji)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)部門做好環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的前(qian)提(ti)(ti),各級(ji)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)部門要(yao)營造一種重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)全過程質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)控制的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)氛圍,將(jiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)抓(zhua)緊抓(zhua)實(shi)。
3. 改善環境(jing)監測工作(zuo)質量的(de)主要方法
3.1建立(li)健全環境監(jian)測質量監(jian)督體(ti)系
環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)涵(han)蓋內(nei)容(rong)多,涉(she)及(ji)范圍廣(guang),要(yao)保障(zhang)監測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)就要(yao)采用系統論的(de)方(fang)法,建立健(jian)全環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監督(du)體(ti)(ti)系,圍繞環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)各個(ge)環(huan)(huan)節,特(te)別(bie)是監測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)易(yi)受(shou)干擾的(de)部分加強監管(guan),構建保障(zhang)體(ti)(ti)系。諸如在空氣質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監督(du)、水體(ti)(ti)治理等方(fang)面,就要(yao)加強應急(ji)監測(ce)、現場監測(ce)等薄弱的(de)環(huan)(huan)節的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監管(guan)從而(er)確保整體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)系工(gong)作(zuo)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)提升。
3.2科學配置監測(ce)點
在監測(ce)(ce)點(dian)的(de)(de)配(pei)置(zhi)上,要堅持選擇具有代表性的(de)(de)位置(zhi)作為環境監測(ce)(ce)點(dian),以通(tong)過有限的(de)(de)數據反映最(zui)大范圍的(de)(de)實際情況。在具體選擇監測(ce)(ce)點(dian)時,要綜合考慮(lv)當地自(zi)然條件和(he)取樣發展規(gui)劃等因素(su),科學(xue)選擇監測(ce)(ce)點(dian)位置(zhi)。
3.打造(zao)作(zuo)風優良、業務過硬的監(jian)測人員工作(zuo)隊伍
一要(yao)建(jian)立監(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓機制(zhi),對于新(xin)加入的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員做好崗(gang)前培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓,使其掌握系統的(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)業(ye)務(wu)知識,同時(shi)對在崗(gang)人(ren)員做好在職培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓,不(bu)斷深化其業(ye)務(wu)能力,提高工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)水平。二要(yao)加強監(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)隊伍精神文明建(jian)設(she)。培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)監(jian)測(ce)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)責任意識進取意識。努(nu)力將(jiang)他(ta)們鍛造成政治素質高、業(ye)務(wu)素質強的(de)(de)(de)環境監(jian)測(ce)人(ren)員。
4.建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)環境監測質(zhi)量管理體系使之有效運行并持續改進(jin)
環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)說到底(di)就(jiu)是監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)文件的(de)(de)建立、持(chi)續改進(jin)和嚴(yan)格施(shi)行。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)保證(zheng),需要(yao)一個科學完(wan)整的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi),要(yao)依據《實(shi)驗室(shi)資(zi)質(zhi)認定評(ping)(ping)審(shen)準側》[4]的(de)(de)規定,以技(ji)術文件(質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)手冊、程(cheng)序文件、作(zuo)業指導書和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)記錄)的(de)(de)形(xing)式,對監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)各個環(huan)(huan)(huan)節、各個工作(zuo)部門,對實(shi)驗的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)和條件,對每個工作(zuo)崗位和監(jian)(jian)測(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)者的(de)(de)職(zhi)責和行為進(jin)行規范(fan),要(yao)經常性地利用質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)督、內部審(shen)核(he)和管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)審(shen)來評(ping)(ping)價(jia)體(ti)系(xi),發現問(wen)(wen)題(ti)、解決問(wen)(wen)題(ti),從而形(xing)成(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)自(zi)我完(wan)善機(ji)制,實(shi)現質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)持(chi)續改進(jin)。建立健全(quan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi),按照質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)要(yao)求(qiu)全(quan)方位、全(quan)程(cheng)序、全(quan)過程(cheng)、全(quan)要(yao)素的(de)(de)開展質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制工作(zuo),實(shi)現環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)規范(fan)運行,持(chi)續提高環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。
5.積極(ji)開展外(wai)部質量控(kong)制(zhi)和內部質量保證(zheng)活動
各級環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構(gou)應主動接受上(shang)級環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構(gou)對環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管理工(gong)作(zuo)的業務指導(dao),積極參加(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)認證(zheng)(zheng)、持證(zheng)(zheng)上(shang)崗(gang)考(kao)核、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管理評(ping)審、能力(li)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)和實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)間比(bi)對等(deng)外部(bu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制活(huo)動,充分(fen)利用外部(bu)力(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)完善質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管理體系(xi),不斷提高檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技(ji)術能力(li)。在搞(gao)好外部(bu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制工(gong)作(zuo)的同時,也要(yao)(yao)積極開(kai)展實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)內部(bu)的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)活(huo)動,組織監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行上(shang)崗(gang)理論考(kao)試、操作(zuo)技(ji)能和標(biao)準(zhun)樣(yang)(yang)品考(kao)核。實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)分(fen)析(xi)應著重于分(fen)析(xi)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)操作(zuo)技(ji)能的規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan),采(cai)用分(fen)析(xi)空(kong)白、質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)樣(yang)(yang)、加(jia)標(biao)樣(yang)(yang)、平(ping)行樣(yang)(yang)、留樣(yang)(yang)復測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)措(cuo)施評(ping)價監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),逐(zhu)步增加(jia)全程(cheng)序(xu)空(kong)白分(fen)析(xi)、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制圖和不確(que)(que)定度(du)評(ping)定,判斷監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)過(guo)程(cheng)是否處于受控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)狀態。應在日(ri)常監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)中拓(tuo)展質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制領域(yu),加(jia)強(qiang)現(xian)場監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制,檢查(cha)現(xian)場監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的操作(zuo)是否持續(xu)符(fu)合標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)求,及時發現(xian)、消除(chu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的系(xi)統(tong)誤差,保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)數據的準(zhun)確(que)(que)可靠(kao)[5]。儀器設備要(yao)(yao)按規(gui)(gui)(gui)定進(jin)行周期(qi)檢定、期(qi)間核查(cha)和例行檢查(cha),保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值可追溯到(dao)國家(jia)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)基準(zhun),確(que)(que)保(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)值的統(tong)一(yi)和準(zhun)確(que)(que)可靠(kao),使監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據具有科學性、公正性。實踐證(zheng)(zheng)明,質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)活(huo)動能加(jia)強(qiang)環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構(gou)的規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)化(hua)、科學化(hua)和標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua),持續(xu)改進(jin)、不斷提高環境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),充分(fen)發揮監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)的技(ji)術監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督職能,進(jin)一(yi)步提高客戶對監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的信任(ren)度(du)。
6.加強監測能力建(jian)設(she)及(ji)監測人才(cai)培養(yang)
隨著環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)對象(xiang)的(de)日益(yi)復(fu)(fu)雜化(hua),環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)的(de)不斷現(xian)代(dai)化(hua),對監(jian)測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)人(ren)員的(de)業(ye)務素(su)質(zhi)和(he)敬業(ye)精神都提出(chu)了(le)更高的(de)要求。環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)對象(xiang)具有成分(fen)復(fu)(fu)雜、隨機多變(bian)、在時空和(he)量級上(shang)分(fen)布廣(guang)泛等特點(dian),這些特點(dian)決(jue)定了(le)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作的(de)綜合(he)性(xing)、技術(shu)性(xing)和(he)復(fu)(fu)雜性(xing)。
監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)能力建(jian)設(she),是(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的基礎。能力建(jian)設(she)包(bao)括儀(yi)器(qi)裝備、人員(yuan)素質和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理水平三個(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)。儀(yi)器(qi)裝備是(shi)能力建(jian)設(she)的重要(yao)物(wu)質基礎,監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)人員(yuan)素質的提高(gao)(gao)(gao)是(shi)能力建(jian)設(she)的重要(yao)環(huan)節,管(guan)(guan)(guan)理水平的提高(gao)(gao)(gao)是(shi)能力建(jian)設(she)的重要(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)。因此,人才培(pei)(pei)養和(he)(he)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)隊伍素質是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)能力建(jian)設(she)的重要(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)和(he)(he)根本保證。一方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)要(yao)通過崗前培(pei)(pei)訓、技能培(pei)(pei)訓、繼(ji)續教(jiao)育、專(zhuan)題進修等渠(qu)道搞(gao)好全員(yuan)培(pei)(pei)訓,使(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)人員(yuan)全面(mian)掌(zhang)握監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)業務知識、熟悉各種標準(zhun)、規(gui)范、技術方(fang)(fang)(fang)法,更好地搞(gao)好全面(mian)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo);另(ling)一方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)要(yao)按照(zhao)國家(jia)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)標準(zhun)化建(jian)設(she)的規(gui)定要(yao)求(qiu),積極(ji)爭取地方(fang)(fang)(fang)政府支(zhi)持,在政策、資金、人才隊伍建(jian)設(she)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)爭取有利條件,不斷(duan)充實各類環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)設(she)備和(he)(he)物(wu)資,切實加(jia)(jia)強環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)基礎能力和(he)(he)專(zhuan)項能力建(jian)設(she), 以適應(ying)不斷(duan)發展(zhan)的環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作(zuo)的需要(yao)。
7.加強現(xian)場監測質量(liang)管理(li),提高數(shu)據的準確性
現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工作中客觀(guan)的(de)(de)、主觀(guan)的(de)(de)影響因素較多(duo),對布(bu)點和采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)等現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)影響較大,樣(yang)品的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)(xing)和真實(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)重影響數據的(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工作中應(ying)該強化監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點位、采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)時間、采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)頻(pin)次的(de)(de)管理,保(bao)證樣(yang)品的(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)(xing)和真實(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing);確保(bao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器設(she)備完好、計量合格(ge);開(kai)展現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)平行樣(yang)、全(quan)程序空白樣(yang)等質量控制;加強現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)業務培訓(xun),要掌(zhang)握相應(ying)的(de)(de)基礎理論、現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)專業知識和相關的(de)(de)氣象學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、化學(xue)(xue)、流體(ti)動力學(xue)(xue)等繁多(duo)的(de)(de)專業學(xue)(xue)科知識,熟悉(xi)各種生產工藝,確保(bao)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)布(bu)點、樣(yang)品采(cai)(cai)集、樣(yang)品固(gu)定、保(bao)存和運輸等現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管理工作,最大限(xian)度地減少現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)對數據準確性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)影響[6]。
當前,人口的(de)激增(zeng)、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活(huo)動(dong),特別是工業生產活(huo)動(dong)的(de)規模不斷擴(kuo)大,使(shi)得環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護形(xing)勢日趨嚴峻。我國(guo)正處于經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)高峰期(qi),環(huan)(huan)境(jing)問題和經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)間的(de)矛盾(dun)十(shi)分(fen)突出,已經(jing)成(cheng)為制約我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要瓶頸(jing)問題。做(zuo)好環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce),加強環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護,落實(shi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)治理,是我國(guo)現(xian)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)重要國(guo)策之一。環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護關系到國(guo)家長遠健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan),關系到有中國(guo)特色的(de)社會主義偉大事業能否順利(li)實(shi)現(xian)。作(zuo)為環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護的(de)基礎作(zuo)業,環(huan)(huan)保(bao)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)必(bi)須(xu)得到高度重視。環(huan)(huan)保(bao)單位(wei)要深入分(fen)析環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)質量的(de)影響因素(su)的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)機理,排除不利(li)因素(su),努力(li)提升環(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)質量,為政府決策和環(huan)(huan)境(jing)管理等(deng)提供科學依據。
8、加強環境保(bao)護與可(ke)持續(xu)發展(zhan)的國(guo)際合作
現階(jie)段,我(wo)國在(zai)發展(zhan)經(jing)濟的(de)同(tong)時,還把著眼點放在(zai)立足于(yu)解決好國內環境和發展(zhan)問題,逐漸改(gai)善(shan)13億人民(min)賴以生存(cun)與發展(zhan)的(de)環境。另外,繼續加大、推進環境保護和可(ke)持(chi)續發展(zhan)領域的(de)國際(ji)合(he)作。
首先,國(guo)(guo)家要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)參加氣候變化以及生物多樣性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)等環(huan)境(jing)公約和有關(guan)貿易與環(huan)境(jing)的談判,要(yao)切實維護(hu)好國(guo)(guo)際利益,積(ji)極(ji)履行國(guo)(guo)際環(huan)保(bao)義務,為解決全社會面(mian)臨著的環(huan)境(jing)和發展(zhan)(zhan)問題做出自己的貢獻。除此之(zhi)外(wai),還要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)一(yi)些先進(jin)(jin)的技術與科學的管(guan)理方法(fa)(fa),促使國(guo)(guo)內(nei)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)呈(cheng)“跨(kua)越式”的發展(zhan)(zhan)。此外(wai),也可(ke)以制定突破綠(lv)色貿易壁壘以及防止(zhi)污染轉(zhuan)移、有害物種入侵等法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規與評(ping)價(jia)標準,以便促進(jin)(jin)貿易的健康發展(zhan)(zhan),為保(bao)障國(guo)(guo)家的環(huan)境(jing)安全提供強有力(li)的后盾。
9、信息公(gong)開化,有利于促進、完善(shan)環境監測制度(du)
隨(sui)著科學(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan),環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)技術(shu)也(ye)取得了很大的(de)(de)進步,其中(zhong),信(xin)息(xi)公(gong)(gong)開、透明,也(ye)在很大程度上(shang)促(cu)進了環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質量的(de)(de)有效提升。首先需要(yao)做到(dao)及時更新理念(nian),不斷完善(shan)制度。加強技術(shu)人員自身的(de)(de)業務素養,把信(xin)息(xi)技術(shu)和(he)傳統模式有機結合(he)在一起,借鑒其它行業的(de)(de)成功(gong)經驗,要(yao)意識到(dao)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)公(gong)(gong)開的(de)(de)必要(yao)性。此(ci)外,也(ye)要(yao)不斷完善(shan)制度,構建符合(he)信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工作(zuo)(zuo)背景下(xia)的(de)(de)管理制度以及工作(zuo)(zuo)流程,為環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)有效建設打好堅實的(de)(de)管理基礎,而且還為環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)(zuo)提供有力(li)的(de)(de)技術(shu)保(bao)證與支持。
另外,環境監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息化(hua)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了實(shi)現環境監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)開(kai)發(fa)和(he)有(you)(you)效(xiao)運用(yong)(yong),基于此,要在環境監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息化(hua)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)投入大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)人力、物力、資源等,在實(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)促使各項技(ji)術(shu)不斷完善,對運行過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一些問(wen)題及(ji)時、有(you)(you)效(xiao)加以處(chu)理(li),不斷促進(jin)環境監測(ce)(ce)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完善和(he)成熟,只有(you)(you)這樣,才(cai)能把環境監測(ce)(ce)信(xin)息化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)充分(fen)發(fa)揮出(chu)來(lai),只有(you)(you)這樣,也才(cai)能推動環境監測(ce)(ce)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續(xu)、順利開(kai)展下去。
10、結束語
總而言之,加強環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),既(ji)要提(ti)高環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工作重要度,也要把環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)貫(guan)穿(chuan)到整個環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作的全(quan)(quan)程(cheng)之中,要不(bu)斷(duan)完善建立(li)健全(quan)(quan)的環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體系,使(shi)之能夠不(bu)斷(duan)運行(xing)、改進,為全(quan)(quan)面提(ti)升環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)整體水平奠定(ding)堅實基礎,努力縮短與發達國家之間的距離,為政府決(jue)策以及環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)等提(ti)供(gong)科學且實用(yong)依(yi)據。
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